SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Heating system</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Heating system</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

<p>A <b>heating system</b> is a mechanism designed to maintain a desired temperature in a space by adding thermal energy. It is a fundamental component of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems, providing warmth to residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. Heating systems are of two main types: central and distributed. Central heating systems generate heat (electrically or by burning gas/coal) in a single location and distribute the heat through ducts pipes or radiators. Distributed heating systems use local heat sources, such as space heaters or electric radiators, and do not rely use ducts, pipes, or conventional radiators. These systems are critical in ensuring indoor comfort, especially in colder regions.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_and_uses">Types and uses</h2></div>

<p><b>Central heating systems</b>: These systems produce heat in one central location and distribute it throughout the building. This category includes furnaces, boilers, and heat pumps.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

Central heating is often used in applications such as warehouses, offices and education buildings. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because of their energy efficiency, heating distribution and noise when in operation. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><b>Distributed heating systems</b>: These systems generate heat in the space they are to heat, without extensive duct systems. Examples include electric space heaters, fireplaces, and solar heating. Distributed heating systems can be used in combine with central heating to allow year round climate control.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Distributed heating is often used in Urban areas where the houses are closely compacted together.

</p><p><b>Heat pumps</b>: They can be used for heating and cooling, transferring heat using refrigerant and electricity, making them more efficient than other heating systems.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heat pumps are most often used in places where the temperature stays around 40 degrees. When operating below 40° (F) heating pumps lose some of their efficiency. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although with current trends this has become less of an issue as countries like Norway, Sweden, and Finland have begun installing heat pumps more often in buildings. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efficiency_and_environmental_impact">Efficiency and environmental impact</h2></div>

<p>The efficiency of a heating system is typically measured by its AFUE (Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency) rating. Higher AFUE ratings indicate a more efficient furnace.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Environmental impacts are a concern with heating systems, especially those that burn fossil fuels. The use of sustainable energy sources and energy-efficient systems is encouraged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The main source of harmful greenhouse gas emissions is the type of heating systems being used. For example, central heating systems depending on what they use to burn/electricity consumed to heat the system. Another environmental impact is during winter months heating systems depend heavily more on fossil fuel based energy production.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of coal, natural gas, and oil to power heating systems is a direct link to greenhouse-based gas emissions.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_trends">Future trends</h2></div>

<p>Advancements in heating technology focus on increasing energy efficiency and reducing environmental impact.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trends include the integration of smart home technology for better system control through allowing heat schedules, zones, and remote control. The use of renewable energy sources like geothermal heating, solar panels, and biomass. Current trends are toward heating pumps and using renewable energy/low carbon emission energy to power these heaters.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swapping out the current fossil-fuel based heaters for electric ones lowers emissions in the heating industry. Heating pumps are a noteworthy trend because of their duality in use. Places like Norway, Sweden, and Finland have had heat pumps become more popular in the recent years due to their improved efficiency over other traditional heating methods. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiator" title="Radiator">Radiator</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Heating_plant" title="Heating plant">Heating plant</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFMartinopoulosPapakostasPapadopoulos2018" class="citation journal cs1">Martinopoulos, Georgios; Papakostas, Konstantinos T.; Papadopoulos, Agis M. (July 2018). "A comparative review of heating systems in EU countries, based on efficiency and fuel cost". <i>Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews</i>. <b>90</b>: <span class="nowrap">687–</span>699. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RSERv..90..687M">2018RSERv..90..687M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2018.03.060">10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.060</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smarterhouse.org/heating-systems/types-heating-systems">"Types of Heating Systems | Smarter House"</a>. <i>smarterhouse.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/use-of-energy/commercial-buildings.php">"Use of energy in commercial buildings - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tidyco.co.uk/tidyco-news/post/warehouse-heaters-the-best-way-to-heat-your-warehouse#:~:text=into%20the%20warehouse.-,Advantages%3A,efficient%20for%20maintaining%20product%20quality">"Warehouse Heaters - the best way to heat your warehouse"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-distribution-systems#:~:text=Hot-air%20systems%2C%20the%20most,prone%20to%20leaks%2C%20reducing%20efficiency">"Heat Distribution Systems"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wmysb.com/hvac/what-is-hvac/">"What is HVAC? - The Complete Breakdown"</a>. <i>We Make Your Space Better</i>. 2023-12-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-30</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.estesair.com/blog/at-what-temperature-does-a-heat-pump-quit-working-efficiently#:~:text=A%20heat%20pump%20works%20best,option%20for%20an%20Atlanta%20home">"At What Temperature do Heat Pumps Become Ineffective?"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-heat-pumps/executive-summary">"Executive Summary – the Future of Heat Pumps – Analysis"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/furnaces-and-boilers">"Furnaces and Boilers"</a>. <i>Energy.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMahmoudRamadanNaherPullen2021" class="citation journal cs1">Mahmoud, Montaser; Ramadan, Mohamad; Naher, Sumsun; Pullen, Keith; Olabi, Abdul-Ghani (April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/25008/1/Impacts%20of%20heating%20systems%20on%20the%20environment.pdf">"The impacts of different heating systems on the environment: A review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science of the Total Environment</i>. <b>766</b>: 142625. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ScTEn.76642625M">2021ScTEn.76642625M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.142625">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142625</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33077224">33077224</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utilitiesone.com/integrating-energy-efficient-hvac-systems-with-home-automation">"Integrating Energy-Efficient HVAC Systems with Home Automation"</a>. <i>Utilities One</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-heat-pumps/executive-summary">"Executive Summary – the Future of Heat Pumps – Analysis"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-heat-pumps/executive-summary">"Executive Summary – the Future of Heat Pumps – Analysis"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<p><br>

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning216" style="vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning216" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Heating%2C_ventilation%2C_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental <br>concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air_changes_per_hour" title="Air changes per hour">Air changes per hour</a> (ACH)</li>

<li><a href="Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">Building envelope</a></li>

<li><a href="Convection" title="Convection">Convection</a></li>

<li><a href="Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li>

<li><a href="Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">Domestic energy consumption</a></li>

<li><a href="Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li>

<li><a href="Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Heat pump and refrigeration cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li>

<li><a href="Infiltration_(HVAC)" title="Infiltration (HVAC)">Infiltration</a></li>

<li><a href="Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li>

<li><a href="Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li>

<li><a href="Outgassing" title="Outgassing">Outgassing</a></li>

<li><a href="Particulates" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">Sensible heat</a></li>

<li><a href="Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">Stack effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">Thermal comfort</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_destratification" title="Thermal destratification">Thermal destratification</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Vapour_pressure_of_water" title="Vapour pressure of water">Vapour pressure of water</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Absorption-compression_heat_pump" title="Absorption-compression heat pump">Absorption-compression heat pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Absorption refrigerator</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_barrier" title="Air barrier">Air barrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">Antifreeze</a></li>

<li><a href="Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">Automobile air conditioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_insulation_material" title="Building insulation material">Building insulation materials</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_solar_heating" title="Central solar heating">Central solar heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Chilled_beam" title="Chilled beam">Chilled beam</a></li>

<li><a href="Chilled_water" title="Chilled water">Chilled water</a></li>

<li><a href="Constant_air_volume" title="Constant air volume">Constant air volume</a> (CAV)</li>

<li><a href="Coolant" title="Coolant">Coolant</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">Cross ventilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Dedicated_outdoor_air_system" title="Dedicated outdoor air system">Dedicated outdoor air system</a> (DOAS)</li>

<li><a href="Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Demand_controlled_ventilation" title="Demand controlled ventilation">Demand controlled ventilation</a> (DCV)</li>

<li><a href="Displacement_ventilation" title="Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a></li>

<li><a href="District_cooling" title="District cooling">District cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_recovery_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy recovery ventilation">Energy recovery ventilation</a> (ERV)</li>

<li><a href="Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced-air" title="Forced-air">Forced-air</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced-air_gas" title="Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_cooling" title="Free cooling">Free cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a> (HRV)</li>

<li><a href="Hybrid_heat" title="Hybrid heat">Hybrid heat</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Ice_storage_air_conditioning" title="Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitchen_ventilation" title="Kitchen ventilation">Kitchen ventilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixed-mode_ventilation" title="Mixed-mode ventilation">Mixed-mode ventilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li>

<li><a href="Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li>

<li><a href="Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">Passive ventilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiant_heating_and_cooling" title="Radiant heating and cooling">Radiant heating and cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiant_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant cooling">Radiant cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiant_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heating">Radiant heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a></li>

<li><a href="Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li>

<li><a href="Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_air_heat" title="Solar air heat">Solar air heat</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cooling">Solar cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">Solar heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li>

<li><a href="Underfloor_air_distribution" title="Underfloor air distribution">Underfloor air distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">Underfloor heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Vapor_barrier" title="Vapor barrier">Vapor barrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression refrigeration</a> (VCRS)</li>

<li><a href="Variable_air_volume" title="Variable air volume">Variable air volume</a> (VAV)</li>

<li><a href="Variable_refrigerant_flow" title="Variable refrigerant flow">Variable refrigerant flow</a> (VRF)</li>

<li><a href="Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">Ventilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air_conditioner_inverter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner inverter">Air conditioner inverter</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_handler" title="Air handler">Air handler</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ionizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Air-mixing_plenum" title="Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">Air source heat pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">Attic fan</a></li>

<li><a href="Automatic_balancing_valve" title="Automatic balancing valve">Automatic balancing valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Back_boiler" title="Back boiler">Back boiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Barrier_pipe" title="Barrier pipe">Barrier pipe</a></li>

<li><a href="Blast_damper" title="Blast damper">Blast damper</a></li>

<li><a href="Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceramic_heater" title="Ceramic heater">Ceramic heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a></li>

<li><a href="Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></li>

<li><a href="Condensing_boiler" title="Condensing boiler">Condensing boiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Convection_heater" title="Convection heater">Convection heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">Damper</a></li>

<li><a href="Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Economizer" title="Economizer">Economizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li>

<li><a href="Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li>

<li><a href="Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li>

<li><a href="Exhaust_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust hood">Exhaust hood</a></li>

<li><a href="Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li>

<li><a href="Fan_filter_unit" title="Fan filter unit">Fan filter unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li>

<li><a href="Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a></li>

<li><a href="Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a></li>

<li><a href="Freeze_stat" title="Freeze stat">Freeze stat</a></li>

<li><a href="Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li>

<li><a href="Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">Furnace</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Gasoline_heater" title="Gasoline heater">Gasoline heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li>

<li><a href="Grille_(architecture)" title="Grille (architecture)">Grille</a></li>

<li><a href="Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" title="Ground-coupled heat exchanger">Ground-coupled heat exchanger</a></li>

<li><a href="Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">Ground source heat pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a></li>

<li><a href="Heating_film" title="Heating film">Heating film</a></li>

<li><a href="High_efficiency_glandless_circulating_pump" title="High efficiency glandless circulating pump">High efficiency glandless circulating pump</a></li>

<li><a href="High-pressure_cut-off_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure cut-off switch">High-pressure cut-off switch</a></li>

<li><a href="Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrared_heater" title="Infrared heater">Infrared heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Inverter_compressor" title="Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Kerosene_heater" title="Kerosene heater">Kerosene heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Louver" title="Louver">Louver</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a></li>

<li><a href="Oil_heater" title="Oil heater">Oil heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" title="Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a></li>

<li><a href="Plenum_space" title="Plenum space">Plenum space</a></li>

<li><a href="Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_duct_work" title="Process duct work">Process duct work</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiator_reflector" title="Radiator reflector">Radiator reflector</a></li>

<li><a href="Recuperator" title="Recuperator">Recuperator</a></li>

<li><a href="Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</a></li>

<li><a href="Register_(air_and_heating)" title="Register (air and heating)">Register</a></li>

<li><a href="Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Run-around_coil" title="Run-around coil">Run-around coil</a></li>

<li><a href="Sail_switch" title="Sail switch">Sail switch</a></li>

<li><a href="Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">Solar chimney</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar-assisted_heat_pump" title="Solar-assisted heat pump">Solar-assisted heat pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_heater" title="Space heater">Space heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoke_canopy" title="Smoke canopy">Smoke canopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">Thermal expansion valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_wheel" title="Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Trickle_vent" title="Trickle vent">Trickle vent</a></li>

<li><a href="Trombe_wall" title="Trombe wall">Trombe wall</a></li>

<li><a href="TurboSwing" title="TurboSwing">TurboSwing</a></li>

<li><a href="Turning_vanes_(HVAC)" title="Turning vanes (HVAC)">Turning vanes</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra-low_particulate_air" title="Ultra-low particulate air">Ultra-low particulate air</a> (ULPA)</li>

<li><a href="Whole-house_fan" title="Whole-house fan">Whole-house fan</a></li>

<li><a href="Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood-burning_stove" title="Wood-burning stove">Wood-burning stove</a></li>

<li><a href="Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br>and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air_flow_meter" title="Air flow meter">Air flow meter</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquastat" title="Aquastat">Aquastat</a></li>

<li><a href="BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li>

<li><a href="Blower_door" title="Blower door">Blower door</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Clean_air_delivery_rate" title="Clean air delivery rate">Clean air delivery rate</a> (CADR)</li>

<li><a href="Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">Gas detector</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></li>

<li><a href="Humidistat" title="Humidistat">Humidistat</a></li>

<li><a href="HVAC_control_system" title="HVAC control system">HVAC control system</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrared_thermometer" title="Infrared thermometer">Infrared thermometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligent_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent buildings">Intelligent buildings</a></li>

<li><a href="LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li>

<li><a href="Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" title="Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a> (MERV)</li>

<li><a href="Normal_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal temperature and pressure">Normal temperature and pressure</a> (NTP)</li>

<li><a href="OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li>

<li><a href="Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Programmable communicating thermostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">Room temperature</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_thermostat" title="Smart thermostat">Smart thermostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">Standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP)</li>

<li><a href="Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Thermographic camera</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br>trades,<br>and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></li>

<li><a href="Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Architectural_technologist" title="Architectural technologist">Architectural technologist</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a> (BIM)</li>

<li><a href="Deep_energy_retrofit" title="Deep energy retrofit">Deep energy retrofit</a></li>

<li><a href="Duct_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct cleaning">Duct cleaning</a></li>

<li><a href="Duct_leakage_testing" title="Duct leakage testing">Duct leakage testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" title="Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanical%2C_electrical%2C_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li>

<li><a href="Mold_growth%2C_assessment%2C_and_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold growth, assessment, and remediation">Mold growth, assessment, and remediation</a></li>

<li><a href="Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a></li>

<li><a href="Testing%2C_adjusting%2C_balancing" title="Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br>organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a></li>

<li><a href="ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a></li>

<li><a href="BSRIA" title="BSRIA">BSRIA</a></li>

<li><a href="Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" title="Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">CIBSE</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="Institute of Refrigeration">Institute of Refrigeration</a></li>

<li><a href="Sheet_Metal_and_Air_Conditioning_Contractors'_National_Association" title="Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association">SMACNA</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> (IAQ)</li>

<li><a href="Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li>

<li><a href="Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a> (SBS)</li>

<li><a href="Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a> (VOC)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ASHRAE_Handbook" title="ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_science" title="Building science">Building science</a></li>

<li><a href="Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_HVAC_terms" title="Glossary of HVAC terms">Glossary of HVAC terms</a></li>

<li><a href="Warm_Spaces" title="Warm Spaces">Warm Spaces</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Refrigeration_Day" title="World Refrigeration Day">World Refrigeration Day</a></li>

<li>Template:Fire protection</li>

<li>Template:Home automation</li>

<li>Template:Solar energy</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}.mw-parser-output :not(p):not(.asbox)+style+.asbox,.mw-parser-output :not(p):not(.asbox)+link+.asbox{margin-top:3em}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-19" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Heating_system&oldid=1296275777">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>